Biodiversity of coastal marine ecosystems functional aspects. It is instructive that although numerous mechanisms for latitudinal gradients in species richness have been identified, and rather few processes that would oppose. Disentangling the effects of local and regional processes on. The existence of consistent, global patterns in biodiversity has long intrigued ecologists, as general patterns hint at common underlying mechanisms in the search for universal laws in ecology. Gray biological institute, university of oslo, pb 1064 blindern, 0316 oslo, norway received 7 november 1995. Landscape moderation of biodiversity patterns and processes eight hypotheses. Biodiversity at the ecosystem level patterns and proc esses. The biodiversity of many habitats is under threat and although seas cover the majority of our planets surface, far less is known about the biodiversity of marine environments than that of terrestrial systems.
Structure and function 1 wilhelm barthlott, university of bonn, botanical institute, germany k. More than 1600 species of birds have been recorded near the equator in the new world compared with. The biodiversity of many ecosystems is under threat and although seas cover the majority of our planets surface, far less is known about the biodiversity of marine environments than that of terrestrial systems. Processes governing the origin, maintenance and change of marine biodiversity in the sea are very different from those on landlife originated in the sea and although overall species diversity is much lower in the sea than on land, higher taxon level and therefore.
Biodiversity patterns and processes in southern south america. Data sheet series title and no neri technical report no. In order to assess gradients in marine biodiversity we use a taxonomic. The highest species diversity occurs in the indonesian archipelago and decreases radially from there. Latitudinal trendsthere is a clear largescale spatial trend in the species richness of most plant and animal taxa, with richness increasing in latitudes closer to the equator. Cataloging the biodiversity on earth is a huge team effort. Marine biodiversity is higher in benthic rather than pelagic systems, and in coasts rather than the open ocean since there is a greater range of habitats near the coast. A robustpatternobserved across taxa andoverlargespatial scalesis theinverse relationship betweenspecies biodiversity and latitude, withincreasing diversity towards the. For example, the models predict strong ophiuroid connectivity between the oceanic shoals and kimberley cmrs. Julie ambler, estuaries marine biodiversity helps to redress the balance by explaining major patterns of diversity in the marine environment. A better knowledge of biodiversity and its interrelation with the environment is crucially important to understand the role of diversity and individual species for processes and ecosystem function.
Proceedings of the 2 nd danbif conference, 2627 april 2009. Patterns and processes would be a welcome addition to university libraries and to professional scientists engaged in community ecology and the new domain of biodiversity. Processes and different types of biodiversity pattern in. Understanding marine biodiversity the national academies press. The primary aim of the workshop would be to relate patterns of biodiversity in the deepsea benthos to the scales at which various processes act to shape these patterns. Accelerated climate change resulting in increasing temperature, rising atmospheric co 2 and changing rainfall patterns is exacerbating these existing pressures. Patterns and variation in benthic biodiversity in a large.
Biodiversity at the ecosystem level patterns and processes subtitle. A research program to understand the role of human activities in altering biodiversity must involve studies at relatively large spatial and temporal scales. The iubsscope workshop on ecosystem function of biological diversity held in washington dc, june 1989, developed the idea that strong links exist between biodiversity and ecological processes, that these links occur at different time and space scales, that species are. Measuring biodiversity in an alvar in eastern ontario, canada, 2003. Whereas land diversity patterns and their predictors are known for numerous taxa 4,5, our understanding of global marine diversity has been more limited. Netherlands institute of ecology centre for estuarine and marine ecology. Whitlatch2 1section of evolution and ecology, university of california, davis, california 95616 usa 2department. Biodiversity at the ecosystem level patterns and processes. Biodiversity is generally described at three levels. Landscape moderation of biodiversity patterns and processes eight. The vegetation ecology and biodiversity work group is particularly concerned with phytodiversity in arid regions. Global marine biodiversity odyssey expeditions summer programs. A robust pattern observed across taxa and over large spatial scales is the inverse relationship between species biodiversity and latitude, with. Ormond r, gage j, angel m eds marine biodiversity, patterns and processes.
Theexistenceofconsistent, globalpatternsin biodiversity haslongintrigued ecologists, asgeneralpatterns hintatcommon underlying mechanisms inthesearch foruniversal lawsinecology. Berendsohn, freie universitat berlin, botanic garden and botanical museum berlindahlem, germany 1. The modelling can also explore connectivity patterns between marine regions and interdependent geographic regions, and reveal areas that may have a relatively higher role in maintaining the biodiversity of the area. Patterns, processes and regulatory mechanisms in sandy. Wellfunctioning ecosystems provide natural solutions that build resilience and help society adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change. More than 1600 species of birds have been recorded near the equator in. Systematics based on genetic data has both confirmed and contradicted earlier, morphologically defined species and their relatedness. To a first approximation, the distribution of biodiversity across the earth can be described in terms of a relatively small number of broadscale spatial patterns. Processes and patterns of interactions in marine fish. Marine spatial planning in the context of the convention on biological diversity key messages overview and rationale for the report marine spatial planning msp has the potential to transform the way the oceans are managed. The terrestrial pattern of increasing diversity from poles to tropics occurs from the arctic to the tropics but does not.
Latitudinal gradient this is the most well defined and wellknown pattern of biodiversity studies till date. Multiscale marine biodiversity patterns inferred ef. The first of these discussions will take place on 11 th september. Changes in landscape diversity through habitat modification and frag mentation alter the nature of processes within and among vegetation patches. A functional approach to coastal marine biodiversitybook of abstracts, renesse, the netherlands 1115 may 2003. Patterns and processes of habitatspecific demographic. Biodiversity concepts biodiversity is the variety of life on earth. The open nature of marine systems box 4 dictates a regionalscale approach that involves studying multiple separate sites within an. Department of zoology, university of gothenburg, box 463, se405 30 goteborg, sweden abstract. Speciesarea relationships longitudinal zonations smallscale patterns. This document identifies the urgent need for a national research program on the biological diversity of marine systems. Conclusions on species richness patterns for highly biodiverse grasslands.
Proceedings of the 2nd danbif conference, 2627 april 2006, aarhus university authors. In mobsim the function divar diversityarea relationships calculates the species richness in randomly located subplots quadrats or rectangles of different sizes. Current climate change and human alteration of landscapes influence biodiversity in many unforeseen ways6. There were many examples of the influence of coastal habitats on survival, growth, and movement, especially at young stages, and there was an emerging focus on. However, the function divar calculates additional indices, including the shannon and simpson diversity. Wellfunctioning ecosystems provide natural solutions that build resilience and help society adapt to the adverse impacts of. Deepsea benthic communities have now been sampled on local, regional and global scales, but by many independent programs that have different objectives, use different methods. The ultimate measure of biodiversity is the total number of species in existence. They provide the most comprehensive analysis to date of geographic variation in. However, results of experimental and observational studies often conflict, leading to vigorous debate about the mechanistic importance of diversity in determining invasion success in the field, as well as other ecosystem properties, such as productivity and stability.
Biodiversity patterns and ecological processes in neotropical dry. Biodiversity patterns and processes in southern south. This report explores spatial management as a means to protect marine and coastal biodiversity while at the same time. As ecologists studied biodiversity in the environment, they observed a regular pattern in which diversity was distributed over the entire area of the planet. Marine ecosystems are subject to a variety of anthropogenic threats including disease, pollution, climate change, habitat alteration, overexploitation, and invasive species. If climate change and the promotion of an integrative ecosystem approach have continuously be taken into account from 1992, agricultural diversity, and more recently the marine and coastal. Biodiversity provides human beings with the foundation for their survival, and human beings benefit from various supports, or ecological services, from ecosystems with interactions among various organisms. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Processes and different types of biodiversity pattern in species. Latitudinal trends there is a clear largescale spatial trend in the species richness of most plant and animal taxa, with richness increasing in latitudes closer to the equator. They provide the most comprehensive analysis to date of geographic variation in benthic animal abundance and biomass. The vegetation ecology and biodiversity work group is particularly concerned with phytodiversity in. Lecture notes 4 biodiversity patterns class business.
Scope of the information domain in biodiversity informatics 2. Global marine biodiversity odyssey expeditions summer. Biodiversity patterns and processes in southern south america through comparative phylogeography keith a. Global patterns and predictors of marine biodiversity.
Pdf biodiversity patterns and management in a changing brazil. Primary findings include welldocumented gradients with respect to latitude higher diversity in the tropical waters as has been found on. Studying patterns and processes of vertebrate biodiversity in nature allows for experimental. In this vignette the patterns are evaluated on a simulated data set, but of course the same patterns can be also derived from real data. Metacommunity theory, which has gained a central position in ecology, accounts for the role of migration in patterns of diversity among. Marine biodiversity an overview sciencedirect topics.
The the tree of life the allspecies foundation and the allspecies inventory are efforts to use the world wide web to coordinate the efforts of hundreds of biologists to classify and describe species. During about a third of the lectures we will break for 1015 minutes to discuss a paper from the research literature that relates to the lecture topic. Biodiversity patterns between individual geomorphic features. May 11, 2000 to a first approximation, the distribution of biodiversity across the earth can be described in terms of a relatively small number of broadscale spatial patterns. In this way, human beings depend on various blessings from marine organisms and ecosystems, but there is a concern over deterioration of. Stachowicz section of evolution and ecology, university of california, davis, california 95616 usa. Ecologists discovered two broad kinds of diversity patterns, namely.
Tscharntke t1, tylianakis jm, rand ta, didham rk, fahrig. Julian caley 1 1australian institute of marine science, pmb no. Abstract marine biodiversity is valued for its direct utility for people, the ecosystem services it provides, and its intrinsic worth. In this research plan, biodiversity is defined as the collection of genomes, species, and ecosystems occurring in a geographically defined region. In 2012, the theme for the day is marine and coastal biodiversity.
According to this pattern, the species diversity follows a regular pattern as we move from the equator to the polar regions. Biodiversity and genetic patterns in marine invertebrates. All life forms that make up biodiversity, including humans, are ultimately connected to all other life forms, and to their physical environment. Implications of sponge biodiversity patterns for the. The survival of marine and coastal ecosystems and biodiversity is. It is also not clear whether many of the patterns known to occur on land also occur in the sea. What are the three general patterns related to marine biodiversity. Concept of sustainability central to conservation embodies social dimensionsincluding distribution, values and equity understanding of the intrinsic limitations on the supply of biological products and ecological services. Pdf biodiversity patterns and management in a changing.
Biodiversity is the variety observed in organisms at every level of biological organization. We also refine the theory, identifying the physicalbiological coupling at different temporal and spatial scales and emphasising the role of life history traits in order to assess the magnitude of alternative regulatory mechanisms. Anthropogenic impacts and the need for systematic conservation planning have further motivated the analysis of diversity patterns and processes at regional to global scales 3. Structure and function contents volume i biodiversity. In deepsea biodiversity, michael rex and ron etter present the first synthesis of patterns and causes of biodiversity in organisms that dwell in the vast sediment ecosystem that blankets the ocean floor. This agenda focuses on a novel program where ecological and oceanographic.
Whitlatch2 1section of evolution and ecology, university of california, davis, california 95616 usa 2department of marine sciences, university of connecticut, groton. At least three sleds successfully collected sponges at each of six raised geomorphic features three in the west, three in the east fig 1b and 1c, thus allowing comparisons among these features of richness and assemblages patterns. Terrestrial bio geographic realms reflect freshwater biodiversity patterns reason. The most wellknown spatial biodiversity pattern is the speciesarea relationship sar. A venerable generalization about community resistance to invasions is that more diverse communities are more resistant to invasion.
205 927 740 663 1290 49 1008 293 1525 137 784 989 954 1250 1145 1157 432 369 180 549 1141 657 774 1010 1298 56 588 936 440 1396 777 387 953 1498 1129 190 83 544 1092 68 785